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WDXT-GEN2
3
HOW TO INSTALL YOUR SOFTWARE
Now that you have installed the WDXT-GEN2 hardware, you need to install the
software that tells your computer how to use the hardware.
Software Installation Summary
The software installation consists of the following three procedures:
Low Level Format
use pre-selected configuration (factory default drive table)
use dynamic configuration
Partition Hard Disk
use DOS FDISK utility program
High Level Format
use DOS FORMAT utility program
You may find it easier to install the WDXT-GEN2 software, if you first look
over the complete set of instructions and determine beforehand which
installation path you are going to use. During the low level format, you decide
whether to use the pre-selected configuration or the dynamic configuration.
The pre-selected configuration uses a factory default drive table. A drive
table contains characteristics, which describe the hard disk to the computer.
The factory default drive table supplied on the WDXT-GEN2 board has the
characteristics for a 21MB drive. See Table1-1 for these characteristics.
Alternately, during the low level format, you can choose the dynamic
configuration. The dynamic configuration is a process whereby you type the disk
characteristics of your hard disk drive into the computer rather than using a
drive table.
If you use the dynamic configuration, you need to locate and enter values for
the drive. You will also need to decide whether to do a virtual split. Your
software installation ends by using the DOS utilities: FDISK and FORMAT.
Where the instructions require you to shift between the text in this chapter
and the Appendix, step numbers are kept consistent in both sections.
CAUTION
Do NOT start the low level format until you have a backup copy of
the information on your hard disk. This warning usually applies to
previously used hard disks.
When you have a new hard disk, you usually do not have information
to backup except in the case where your dealer installs some
applications software on your unit.
**************************************************************************
START LOW LEVEL FORMAT
**************************************************************************
Before you start, turn your computer ON and make sure that a DOS diskette
containing the Debug program is in drive A. Then proceed to the A> prompt.
See your DOS manual if you need help getting to the A> prompt.
1. At the A> prompt,
Type: DEBUG
Press <Enter>
2. At the debug prompt (-),
Type: g=c800:5
Press <Enter>
3. The low level format program displays the following:
Super Bios Formatter II Rev.1.0 (C) Copyright Western
Digital Corp.1988
Current Drive is C:, Select new Drive or RETURN for
current.
Go to either step 3A or step 3B.
3A. To change the drive from C to D
Type: D
Press <Enter>
This changes the drive that you will format. Now go to step 3C.
3B. To remain at drive C
Press <Enter>
3C. The system displays the following:
Current Interleave is 3, Select new Interleave or
RETURN for current.
Press <Enter>
Go to either step 3D or 3E. See Appendix A for explanation of interleave.
3D. To change the current interleave value, type a new value and
Press <Enter>
3E. To keep the current interleave value
Press <Enter>
4. The following displays:
Are you dynamically configuring the drive - answer Y/N
At this point you need to make a selection.
-- If you have a 21MB drive whose parameters are the same
as those in Table1-1, then go to section "Use Pre-Selected
Configuration."
-- All other drives, go to section "Use Dynamic Configuration."
**************************************************************************
USE PRE-SELECTED CONFIGURATION (21MB drive)
**************************************************************************
To use the pre-selected configuration, follow the instructions below.
4. When the prompt appears:
Are you dynamically configuring the drive - answer Y/N
Type: N
Press <Enter>
The following prompt appears,
Press "y" to begin formatting drive C with interleave 03
5. To start the format for drive C with interleave 3,
Type: Y
Press <Enter>
Then follow the instructions on your computer screen. When the format starts
several messages may appear or you may see the word "formatting..."
6. When the format is completed, the following displays:
Format Successful
If you have a second drive to format repeat the steps for the low level format.
Otherwise, skip to section "Final Steps" in this chapter.
**************************************************************************
USE DYNAMIC CONFIGURATION
**************************************************************************
To use the dynamic configuration and enter the disk drive parameters yourself,
follow the instructions below.
4. When the prompt appears:
Are you dynamically configuring the drive - answer Y/N
Type: Y
Press <Enter>
The following prompt displays:
Key in disk characteristics as follows: ccc h rrr ppp ee o
where:
ccc = total number of cylinders (1-4 digits)
h = number of heads (1-2 digits)
rrr = starting reduced write current cylinder (1-4 digits)
ppp = write precomp cylinder (1-4 digits)
ee = max correctable error burst length (1-2 digits), range (5-11
bits), default 11 bits
o = ccb option byte, step rate select, (1 hex digit), range = 0 to
7, default = 5
refer to controller and drive specifications for step rates
Check the literature supplied by your hard disk drive manufacturer for these
values.
5. Enter each value separated by a space and follow the completed
entry by pressing the <Enter> key.
EXAMPLE:
For a ST 225 (Seagate model 225 hard disk drive)
Type: 615 4 616 300 11 7
Press <Enter>
After you enter these values, you have to make another choice.
-- do a virtual split
-- skip the virtual split
6. When the following prompt displays:
Are you virtually configuring the drive - answer Y/N
See Appendix A section "Virtual Split" for more information
on a virtual split and instructions to select the virtual split.
To ignore the virtual split configuration,
Type: N
Press <Enter>
The system displays the following prompt:
Press "y" to begin formatting drive C with interleave 03
Type: Y
Press <Enter>
Then follow the instructions on your computer screen. When the format starts
several messages may appear or you may see the word "formatting..."
7. At the prompt,
Do you want to format bad tracks - answer Y/N
See Appendix A section "Bad Tracks" for more information
on the bad tracks option and instructions to select the bad tracks
option. Normally, you can ignore the selection here.
To ignore the bad tracks option,
Type: N
Press <Enter>
When the format is complete, the following message displays:
Format Successful
If you want to format a second drive, repeat the low level format steps.
Otherwise you are done with this phase of the installation and can go to the
next section, "Final Steps."
**************************************************************************
FINAL STEPS
**************************************************************************
After you complete the low level format on your hard disk drive, you need to
partition your drive and do a high level format before you can use your hard
disk for the first time. The DOS programs: FDISK and FORMAT do this.
FDISK and FORMAT are usually located on the supplemental DOS diskette.
Partition Drive
A partition divides the drive into units and prepares your hard disk for use
with an operating system, such as MS-DOS.* You can select one partition which
takes up your entire disk or several partitions, each occupying a portion of
the disk. Each unit can have its own operating system.
FDISK Utility
If you just completed the low level format, the DOS diskette is in your
computer and the A>> prompt is on your screen.
To partition your hard disk with FDISK, follow the instructions below.
1. Make sure that the DOS diskette with FDISK is in drive A.
2. At the A>> prompt,
Type: FDISK
Press <Enter>
FDISK displays a series of menus. See your operating system manual for details.
If in doubt, use the default values.
Partition Second Disk Drive
If you have two hard disk drives or created a virtual disk on your hard disk
drive, then you must partition each drive.
After you partition drive C, repeat the above steps. To partition drive D,
select partition second hard disk.
High Level Format
As the final step to the software installation, you need to use the DOS FORMAT
utility, which prepares the hard disk to accept MS-DOS files.
The DOS utility program, FORMAT, will locate and deallocate media defects (bad
tracks). Therefore if you did not mark the tracks bad during the low level
format, this step does it for you automatically.
FORMAT Switch "/S"
FORMAT allows you to set certain "switches" which control various aspects of
the procedure. The /s switch copies the operating system from the disk in the
default drive (or the A drive) to the newly formatted disk.
This is a simple way to get your operating system onto your hard disk.
To use the FORMAT utility and load the operating system onto your newly
installed hard disk drive, follow the steps below.
1. Make sure that the diskette with FORMAT is in drive A.
2. At the A>> prompt
Type: FORMAT C:/S
Press <Enter>
Follow the instructions on the screen to complete the process. See your
operating system manual for details.
At this point your hard disk is initialized and the system can read DOS from
your hard disk, if you only have one partition.
High Level Format Second Disk Drive
If you partitioned your hard disk drive into more than one partition, you must
format each logical drive.
After you format drive C, repeat the above steps to format drive D, except for
At the A>> prompt,
Type: FORMAT D:
Press <Enter>
You are now ready to go to the next chapter.
4
HOW TO CHECK YOUR INSTALLATION
After you completed the hardware installation, software installation, and use
the FDISK and FORMAT C:/S utilities, you are ready to start using your system.
Start System From Hard Disk
You are ready to start your system using your newly installed hard disk drive
and WDXT-GEN2 board.
Remember: You must remove the diskette from drive A or else the system will
start from drive A.
To start the system
1. Simultaneously press the <Ctrl> <Alt> <Del> keys.
2. The system should respond, several screens may flash, and finally the C>>
prompt will appear.
You may have to enter the date and time before the C>> prompt appears. This
depends on how your system is set.
Installation Complete
You are now done. The next time you can start your system from the hard disk.
5
HOW TO HANDLE PROBLEMS
If you had a problem with your system, first re-read the instructions to be
sure that you followed them correctly. Check that you typed information EXACTLY
as instructed.
Repeat the procedure a second time to verify that you get the same error, then
check the next section, "If You Have a Problem."
If You Have a Problem
First check your physical installation. Check for reversed cables, an
overloaded system power supply, incorrect drive selection, etc.
This section lists some common problems and possible solutions to try if you
have problems when you install your controller.
PROBLEM: No response.
SOLUTION: Change cables. Do NOT use floppy cables.
PROBLEM: Winchester activity LED always on.
SOLUTION: Check cable connections. Try to reverse cables or replace
cables. Check whether the drive has malfunctioned.
PROBLEM: "Nothing done exit" appears when you start the low level format
program.
SOLUTION: You did not press the <Y> key. Restart low level format
at step 1.
PROBLEM: "Error Reading Fixed Disk" when booting the system.
SOLUTION: DOS partition not active. See FDISK instructions in your DOS
manual.
PROBLEM: "Hard Disk Drive Not Ready" or "01" Error Code.
SOLUTION: System BIOS ROM does not support Winchester (WDXT-GEN2) controller
and drive. Update system BIOS ROM. Overloaded power supply. Update
system power supply.
PROBLEM: Error code "80" while doing the low level format.
SOLUTION: Drive select jumper on the hard disk drive unit is set incorrectly
(see Chapter 1), or the cables are backwards, i.e., Pins 1 & 34
switched or connector cables J2 & J3 switched. Also bad cables, no
power to drive, or bad drive.
PROBLEM: Error code "40" or "20" appears on screen.
SOLUTION: Check cable connections. Try to reverse cables or replace
cables. Also possibly the drive has malfunctioned.
PROBLEM: After you do a high level format (Format C:/S), the message
"Insert disk and press ENTER." appears. The system thinks drive C
is a floppy disk drive.
SOLUTION: Motherboard switches are set for the incorrect number of floppy
disk drives. Check to see if RAM disk drivers are present.
PROBLEM: "Bad Track 0" using DOS 3.1.
SOLUTION: Make a config.sys file with BUFFERS=99. Reboot to load the
configuration.
PROBLEM: "Bad Track 0" using DOS 2.1. (DOS 2.1 cannot support bad tracks
above 16.7 MB.)
SOLUTION: Upgrade system to DOS 3.1 or LATER.
PROBLEM: None of the suggestions seem to help.
SOLUTION: Call your dealer.
A
INSTALL A SECOND DRIVE ON AN EXISTING CONTROLLER
This section tells you how to install a second fixed hard disk drive on an
existing GEN2 controller board. You do not have to remove the existing GEN2
controller board,but you may have to remove the fixed hard disk so that you can
remove the termination resistor. (This depends on the location of the fixed
disk and the termination resistor.)
Do not attempt to install your hardware unless you have compared your drive
against the default drive parameters on page 1-2, and set the drive number and
removed a termination resistor as explained starting on page 1-7.
This installation requires you to remove the cover from your computer. See your
computer manual for exact instructions on how to remove the cover.
You need a 34-pin hard disk control cable in a daisy chain configuration and
you also need a second 20-pin data cable.
XT hardware limits you to two fixed hard disks. If you are installing a second
drive on the GEN2 board, then the GEN2 board must be the only hard disk
controller in your system.
1. Turn your computer power switch to OFF.
2. Use a screwdriver to loosen the cover screws. Then remove
the computer cover, so that you can see the expansion slots.
3. Place the new hard disk drive unit into the computer
case and attach per the manufacturer's installation instructions.
4. Look and see which expansion slot has the GEN2 board.
You may have to lift the GEN2 board out of the slot to access the
connectors.
5. Check if your existing 34-pin wide control cable is
a daisy chain cable. A daisy chain cable has 3 connectors. If the
cable is not a daisy chain cable, then remove the 34-pin wide control
cable from the GEN2 board and the existing hard disk drive unit. You
will replace this cable with a daisy chain cable in the next step.
Leave the 20-pin cable attached to the board and the
drive unit.
6. Connect cables to new hard disk drive unit. Follow steps
A, B, and C.
You may have to leave the drive case loose to connect the cables.
Remember: Connect Pin 1 to Pin 1. Pin 1 of the cable connector is marked and is
on the color coded edge of the cable. Pin 1 on the controller board is shown in
Figure 1-1.
A. (Omit this step if you are using an existing daisy chain
cable) Connect the 34-pin (daisy chain wide control cable) end connector
on the shorter length cable to the first hard disk drive unit's 34-pin
connector.
B. Connect the 34-pin middle connector on the shorter length
daisy chain cable to the second hard disk drive unit's 34-pin connector.
The longer length cable is unattached for now.
C. Connect the second 20-pin data cable to the second hard
disk drive unit's 20-pin connector.
7. Locate the internal 4-pin power connector(s) on your
computer. See your computer manual. You need either two internal
power connectors on your computer or you need to split the power
connector.
Connect the second drive unit to the second power connector plug.
8. Connect the free end of the 34-pin (wide control cable)
connector to J1 on the controller board. Attach Pin 1 of the cable
connector to Pin 1 on the controller board.
Note: Pin 1 on the controller board is shown in Figure 1-1.
9. Connect the free end of the 20-pin data cable from the
second drive to J3 on the GEN2 controller board. Attach Pin 1 on the
cable to Pin 1 on the controller board.
10. Place extra cable lengths so that they are out of the way.
CAUTION
Do NOT pinch the cables when you arrange them inside
your computer case. Do not let the cables lay between
the cover and an internal board. Do not obstruct air
flow from fans or vents.
11. Replace the computer cover. Your hardware controller
installation is complete. However, your GEN2 controller board is really
a complex circuit composed of both hardware and software, so that
while the hardware installation is complete, you still need to install
the software. Proceed to Chapter 3 for the software installation steps.
Tighten hard disk unit to computer case, if not already done so in step 3.
**************************************************************************
INTERLEAVE FACTORS
**************************************************************************
Interleave is a technique that allows the computer to read or write more than
one sector per track during a single disk rotation. Example: An interleave
factor of 3:1 means that after the disk rotates 3 times, the computer has
accessed all the information on a track.
The interleave factor is system dependent. For WDXT-GEN2 boards and XT
compatible computers an interleave factor of 3 is the default. You cannot have
an interleave value less than 3 with the WDXT-GEN2 board.
**************************************************************************
VIRTUAL SPLIT
**************************************************************************
A virtual split is an "imaginary" dividing of the disk drive. When you do a
virtual format, you make one physical drive appear as two or more disks to the
system.
DOS 2.0 allows a maximum of 16 megabytes per drive and DOS 2.1 permits 32
megabytes per drive. Therefore a 40 megabyte drive must be virtually split in
order to use all 40 megabytes.
Only use the virtual split format when you have one physical hard disk in your
system. If you have two physical hard disks, do not use the virtual split
format.
Select Virtual Split
6. To select the virtual configuration for your drive,
answer the prompt,
Are you virtually configuring the drive - answer Y/N
Type: Y
Press <Enter>
The following prompt displays:
Key in cylinder number for virtual drive split as vvvv...
where:vvvv = number of cylinders for drive C: (1-4 digits)
Enter the value for your starting cylinder number,
Follow the completed entry by pressing the <<Enter>>
key.
The number you entered represents the number of cylinders on drive C. The
remaining cylinders are assigned to drive D during the virtual split
process.
The system displays the following prompt:
Press "y" to begin formatting drive C with interleave 03
Type: Y
Press <Enter>
7. When the prompt for bad tracks displays, see the section
on bad tracks. When the format is complete, the following message
displays:
Format Successful
Do not use the low level format program on the second "virtual" drive. The
virtual drive is formatted when you select the virtual format option. Go to
section, "Final Steps," in Chapter 3.
**************************************************************************
BAD TRACKS
**************************************************************************
Because a hard disk is a physically manufactured item, it sometimes has
physical defects. Each drive manufacturer tests their drives and gives you a
bad track media list, when you purchase the drive. This bad track list is
usually located on the top of the disk drive case. Locate this list before you
answer the prompts.
7. During the format program, you are asked if you want
to map the bad tracks by the following prompt:
Do you want to format bad tracks - answer Y/N
Because of the logical addressing used by DOS, marking
an entire track bad results in more than one logical address being
marked as bad. Since DOS limits the number of defects that it accepts,
a drive with excessive media defects can cause the FORMAT program
to terminate with an error, "TRACK 00 BAD - DRIVE UNUSABLE."
Alternately, you can use the DOS utility program, FORMAT,
to locate and deallocate media defects. Therefore we recommend that
you do not mark the tracks bad; but if you decide that you want to
mark the bad tracks, follow the steps below.
Select Map Bad Tracks
To map the bad tracks,
Type: Y
The system displays the following prompt:
Key in bad track list as follows: ccc h...
where:
ccc=bad track cylinder number
h=bad track head number
Enter each value separated by a space and follow the
completed entry by pressing the <Enter> key.
EXAMPLE:
For a disk with a bad cylinder 160 on head 1 and bad cylinder 161 on head 3
Type: 160 1 161 3
Press <Enter>
The bad tracks program displays the following prompt:
More? Y/N
Enter additional bad tracks.
To terminate the bad tracks program,
Type: N
Press <<Enter>>
Then the following displays:
BAD TRACK MAP
TRACK ADDR PROBLEM
cccH USER-SUPPLIED
When the format is completed, the message displays:
Format Successful
Now go to section "Final Steps" in Chapter 3, to partition your drive and do a
high level format.
BIOS ROM Incompatibility
The following is a list of XT compatible computers which do not operate with
the Western Digital BIOS ROM because of a system BIOS incompatibility.
Computer Model
AT&T 6300
AT&T 6300T
If you have one of these computers, you must disable the BIOS ROM by placing a
jumper resistor at R23 and check that integrated circuits U7 and U8 are NOT
installed. When you do the low level format, skip the directions in this guide
and instead follow your computer manufacturer's software installation
instructions for low level formatting.
B
JUMPER RESISTORS
The WDXT-GEN2 board has several jumper resistors which can be added for
specific hardware configurations.
Jumper Functions (R17 to R23 and R25 to R28)
The following list explains the jumper resistor functions.
R17 & R18 sets factory drive tables for the first hard
disk
R19 & R20 sets factory drive tables for the second
hard disk
R21 and R22 set the controller and BIOS address ranges
R23 disables the BIOS ROM on GEN2 board
R25 and R26 always OUT
R27 sets the hardware interrupt (IRQ) value for the
hard disk drive
R28 sets the computer as XT when the jumper is OUT
Default Values
Tables B-1 through B-4 list the jumper resistor settings. Default factory
settings are marked with a "*" symbol.
Table First Drive Second Drive Capacity Heads Cylinders
Number R17 R18 R19 R20
0 in in in in 21MB 4 612
1 out in out in 10MB 4 306
2 in out in out 10MB 2 615
3* out out out out 21MB 4 615
Table B-1. Pre-selected Drive Tables
R21 R22 Controller BIOS
out* out* 320-323 C8000-C9FFF
in out 324-327 CA000-CBFFF
out in 328-32B CC000-CDFFF
in in 32C-32F CE000-CFFFF
Table B-2 Select Controller and BIOS Ranges
R23 Select BIOS
in selects external BIOS
out* selects internal BIOS
Table B-3. Select BIOS ROM
R27 Select IRQ
in selects IRQ2
out* selects IRQ5
Table B-4. Select Hardware Interrupt (IRQ)
**************************************************************************
How To Change Jumpers
**************************************************************************
To change a jumper, you need to solder electrical connections.
CAUTION
Do not attempt to change the jumper resistors unless
you know how to solder electrical connections. Contact your
dealer for advice on soldering jumper resistors.
Note that the factory default settings have the jumper
resistors out (i.e., not installed).
To add a jumper, you can solder 24 gauge wire to the pin positions that you
want to connect.
To remove a jumper that has been soldered into place, you can use a soldering
iron to remove the connection.
COPYRIGHT 1989 WESTERN DIGITAL CORPORATION ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
INFORMATION FURNISHED BY WESTERN DIGITAL CORPORATION IS BELIEVED TO BE
ACCURATE. HOWEVER, NO RESPONSIBILITY IS ASSUMED BY WESTERN DIGITAL CORPORATION
FOR ITS USE; NOR FOR ANY INFRINGEMENT OF PATENTS OR OTHER RIGHTS OF THIRD
PARTIES WHICH MAY RESULT FROM ITS USE. NO LICENSE IS GRANTED BY IMPLICATION OR
OTHERWISE UNDER ANY PATENT OR PATENT RIGHTS OF WESTERN DIGITAL CORPORATION.
WESTERN DIGITAL CORPORATION RESERVES THE RIGHT TO CHANGE SPECIFICATIONS AT ANY
TIME WITHOUT NOTICE.
Doc. No. 79-000353
Western Digital
2445 McCabe Way
Irvine, CA 92714
(800) 777-4787 (714) 863-0102
FAX (714) 660-4909 TLX 910-595-1139
WD10015S 1/89